Digestive Transit Time of Lego Heads: The FART Score Study

A group of six physicians designed a study in which each of them ingested a Lego head, with the goal of establishing the average transit time for an object frequently swallowed. Their findings were quantified and presented through a metric they humorously termed the ‘Found and Retrieved Time’ or ‘FART’ score. On average, the FART score calculated indicated that these objects took approximately 1.71 days to pass through the system.

7 Fascinating Facts about the Black Death

The Black Death, one of history’s deadliest pandemics, left a profound impact on societies, cultures, and even our genetic makeup. From influencing pub culture in Britain to shaping human immunity genes, the reach of this 14th-century plague has been far more extensive than commonly acknowledged, as this article explores.

1. The British Pub culture can trace its roots back to the Black Death. The pub’s emergence was a by-product of the labor shortage that improved peasants’ living standards, leading to increased beer consumption with their additional income.

2. It’s fascinating to know that the genetic characteristics that enabled people to survive the 14th-century Black Death are related to autoimmune diseases such as Crohn’s disease today. This connection highlights how an ancient pandemic influenced the evolution of human immunity genes.

3. Post-Black Death, the labor shortage allowed English peasants to negotiate higher wages. The Parliament’s reaction was the Statute of Labourers 1351, restricting wages to pre-plague levels, ultimately contributing to the English Peasant’s Revolt of 1381.

4. European Feudalism/Manoralism began its decline in response to the Black Death. As the labor force dwindled, lords had to increase wages, leading to less travel restriction and the eventual birth of the trading or middle class.

5. A dark side of the Black Death’s history is the blame that fell upon the Jewish community for the pandemic.

6. An intriguing character from the era was the Papal physician who acknowledged that bloodletting was ineffective. However, he continued prescribing it for the Roman Curia members he disliked. He held the belief that all legitimate plague cases were astrologically influenced and, thus, incurable.

7. The Bubonic plague, which was responsible for the Black Death, continues to persist today. Annually, a number of cases are reported in countries such as Congo, Madagascar, and Peru. Even the United States and China experience occasional isolated incidents.

As we reflect on these varied impacts of the Black Death, we’re reminded that historical events often have complex and far-reaching influences that continue to echo into our present, shaping societies, cultures, and our very biology in ways we are still discovering.

Bob Norris: The Unsmoking Marlboro Man and the Legacy of an Iconic Campaign

Bob Norris, the very first Marlboro Man, had a chance encounter with fame when he was spotted in a photo alongside the famous John Wayne. Serving as the face of the Marlboro Man for 12 years, it’s surprising to note that Bob never actually smoked a single cigarette. As a responsible parent, he consistently advised his children against smoking. One day, when his kids questioned him about the contradiction between his job and his beliefs, he decided to leave his role as the Marlboro Man immediately.

Initiated in 1955, the Marlboro Man campaign became one of the most astonishing marketing strategies in the history of product promotion. Marlboro’s sales surged from a mere 1% to the fourth best-selling cigarette brand. Accompanying the renowned cowboy figure, the brand developed a second ‘Marlboro Man’ for advertising purposes. This character, a stylish, urban, African-American figure, was specifically designed to captivate the attention of the African-American audience.

A single creative mind, Leo Burnett, was responsible for the conception of numerous iconic advertising mascots, including the Marlboro Man, Jolly Green Giant, Tony the Tiger, Pillsbury Doughboy, and Keebler Elves, among others.

Tragically, several models who assumed the role of the Marlboro Man succumbed to smoking-related illnesses. Among them, Wayne McLaren, another Marlboro Man, passed away from lung cancer. In his final moments, he left a poignant message: “Take care of the children. Tobacco will kill you, and I am living proof of it.”

Pandemics Shape Human Immunity: Black Death’s Legacy

The Black Death’s 14th-century survivors had genetic traits now linked to autoimmune diseases like Crohn’s. This demonstrates how past pandemics influenced the evolution of human immunity genes, highlighting the complex interplay between pathogens and human genetic adaptation.

Canine COVID Detectives: Efficient Screening with Scent-Trained Dogs

Dogs adept at detecting scents can be utilized to identify children with COVID-19, providing a more cost-effective and efficient screening method during pandemics. A group of international researchers found that medical alert dogs, trained to detect the presence of the virus, can accurately screen school-aged children. By sniffing the students’ ankles and feet, the dogs demonstrated over 95% accuracy in lab settings when differentiating between positive and negative COVID-19 samples. When deployed in schools, the dogs achieved an 83% accuracy rate in identifying COVID-19 positive children and a 90% accuracy rate for COVID-19 negative children.